A Qualitative Study on Employers’ Perspectives in Implementing Inclusive Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) for Workers with Diverse Sexual Orientations

Abstract

Background: Workplace discrimination based on gender and sexual orientation remains a persistent problem in Indonesia. This study aimed to explore employers' perspectives on the implementation of OHS for workers with diverse sexual orientations and to identify the barriers and strategies involved. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological design was used. Data were collected through observation and in-depth, semi-structured interviews with six employers from formal and informal sectors in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Participants were selected using criterion purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using Moustakas' five-step phenomenological approach, comprising bracketing, reduction, thematic clustering, expression validation, and verbatim-supported description. Results: Most employers perceived diverse sexual orientation as a deviation which underlay negative workplace stigma, yet they simultaneously expressed tolerance toward such workers as long as professionalism was maintained and work processes were not disrupted. Barriers to inclusive OHS implementation included persistent social stigma, the absence of written protective policy, and employers' concern about potential conflict among coworkers. Counseling emerged as an informal coping strategy, although no structured or written procedure existed. Conclusion: Employers in this study held an open yet conditional stance toward workers with diverse sexual orientations, prioritizing professionalism over explicit protective policy. Formalized, written inclusive-OHS policies are needed to reduce stigma and ensure equitable protection for all workers, informing both employers and policymakers seeking to build discrimination-free workplaces.