Fat Consumption in Modern Dietary Patterns: A Systematic Review of Trends and Health Consequences

Abstract

Background: Changes in fat consumption patterns in modern societies have been influenced by globalization, urbanization, and advancements in the food industry. Increased intake of saturated and trans fats has been associated with the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Methods: This study used a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using Boolean logic. Inclusion criteria covered observational studies, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews published between 2019 and 2025 that discussed fat consumption and its effects on public health. Results: Consumption of saturated and trans fats was associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, whereas intake of monounsaturated fat (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) showed protective effects on metabolic health. Low-carbohydrate diets were more effective than low-fat diets in improving lipid profiles, and fat derived from dairy products did not consistently increase cardiometabolic risk. Conclusion: The type of fat consumed matters more for metabolic health than simply restricting total fat intake. Public education, evidence-based policy-making, and further research are needed to clarify the health impact of fat consumed from different dietary sources